Drug abuse or substance abuse is the addictive and excessive consumption of drugs for nonmedical purposes despite their harmful effects. Whereas, drug addiction is a relapsing disorder characterized by the physical and psychological dependence on an illicit substance or commonly referred to as drugs. Drug abuse often leads to drug addiction.

Swallowing:

One of the most common ways of consuming drugs is by swallowing.  When an individual takes drugs orally, be it in the form of a pill or alcohol, drugs get absorbed through the stomach lining and intestines and eventually into the bloodstream. Some common drugs that are taken orally include alcohol, LSD, opium, marijuana, and amphetamines.

 

Smoking:

Smoking is the fastest way to release drugs into the bloodstream among all. Two major addictive substances that people smoke are Marijuana and Tobacco. Apart from these, other drugs that can be smoked are Opium, Cocaine, PCP, Meth, etc.

 

Snorting

People more than often snort a drug to get high. In snorting or snuffing, a thin lining of nasal lets tiny blood vessels to absorb and release the drug into the bloodstream directly. Some common drugs that can be snorted include Heroin, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, MDMA, Ketamine, Rohypnol, etc.

 

Injecting

Many drug users get a drug directly injected into the bloodstream. This method of consuming drugs is often considered as the most dangerous out of all. Drugs that are commonly injected include Steroids, Cocaine, Crack Cocaine, Barbiturates, Heroin, Benzodiazepines, and more.

There could be a plethora of reasons that may drive people to indulge in drugs consumption. Some of the most common ones include:

• To fit in
• To escape problems
• To relax or seek feelings of pleasure
• To relieve boredom, stress or anxiety
• To experiment
• Out of curiosity or social pressure

Increased or loss of appetite

Bloodshot eyes

Frequent nosebleeds

Inability to sleep and unusual laziness

Irregular heartbeat.

Nausea, vomiting or excessive sweating.

Deterioration of hygiene or physical health

Tremors or shakes of hands, feet or head.

Puffy face, blushing, or paleness

Change in overall attitude

Difficulty in paying attention

Excessive need for privacy

Isolating behaviours

Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, or home

Increased agitation or irritability during social interaction

Problems in relationships and conflict with family

Moodiness or irritability

Secretive or suspicious behaviour

Stealing money or items

Mood swings

Acute depression

Stress and anxiety

Paranoia

Increased aggression

Hallucinations

Nervousness

Lack of motivation

Episodes of hyperactivity and agitation

Proper medications can significantly suppress withdrawal symptoms. Medication helps to prevent relapse, reduce cravings, and re-establish normal brain function. Detoxification is the first step of the treatment that sets the stage for the further treatment process. Medications, such as methadone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine, are available for treating individuals addicted to opioids. Also, we have medications like bupropion and varenicline, along with nicotine preparations, for treating people addicted to tobacco. Medications to treat cannabis (marijuana) addiction and stimulant (methamphetamine and cocaine) are also being developed by scientists

Behavioral therapies assist drug-addicted patients to develop positive coping strategies. Such therapy modifies the behaviors and attitudes of individuals related to drug use. Also, Behavioral therapy is one of the best approaches to teach people various ways to avoid drugs and deal with relapse effectively. Besides, this therapy is also known for its ability to improve the relationship, parenting, and communication skills. There are a variety of forms of behavioral therapy, including:

• cognitive-behavioral therapy
• motivational incentives 
• motivational interviewing

Group therapy is an indispensable part of effective drug addiction and mental health treatment that allows people to share and acknowledge with a group of peers under the guidance of professionals. Group therapy enforces behavioral contingencies to promote a drug-free lifestyle. Group therapy sessions are usually conducted in various therapeutic settings, including Residential programs, Outpatient recovery programs, and Hospital-based inpatient programs. Apart from offering education about the recovery process and providing support from peers to achieve recovery goals, group therapy aims at developing a sense of self-worth and optimism among the group members.

Substance abuse is a disease that affects not just the addict but many more. Addictions often produce far-reaching consequences for other family members. Thus, family therapy is a critical component of recovery treatment. Family therapy is a set of therapeutic sessions that utilizes the resources and strengths of the family to treat the addict. Family therapy also helps in combating other issues like depression, stress, family conflict, abuse, etc. The National Institute on Drug Abuse enumerates several benefits of family therapy, including the development of positive behavioural changes, long-term recovery, relapse prevention, and many more.